RFS Advance Access originally published online on August 11, 2003
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Rev Fin 2004; 17:239-255
© 2004 The Society for Financial Studies
Why the NPV Criterion does not Maximize NPV
Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya (IDC)
Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya (IDC)
Address correspondence to Elazar Berkovitch, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya P.O.B 167, Herzliya 46150, Israel, or e-mail: elib{at}idc.ac.il.
This article presents a theory of capital allocation that shows how the use of net present value (NPV) as an investment criterion leads to inefficient capital budgeting outcomes and how this criterion may be dominated by other capital budgeting criteria, like the internal rate of return and the profitability index. The essence of our theory is rooted in the mainstream paradigm of corporate finance: while firms use NPV to measure the addition to firm value from prospective projects, "classical" informational and agency considerations prevent it from implementing the optimal capital budgeting outcome. Our theory also identifies conditions when alternative criteria should be used. Finally, we characterize when direct monitoring through capital budgeting dominates compensation contracts in alleviating the agency problem.
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